Fig. 6

Amelioration of N/B-induced development of emphysema and lung cancer by treatment with a calcium channel blocker. A Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure. B Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images and quantitative analysis of the level of IGF2 and pIGF-1R/IR in Muc1⁺ AT2s (n = 7/group). C Representative IF images and quantitative analysis of the level of Pdpn⁺ AT1s and SPC⁺ AT2s (n = 7/group). D Representative immunofluorescence (IF) images and quantitative analyses of the recruitment of inflammatory cells (MPO⁺ and F4/80⁺ cells) (n = 7/group). E Changes in lung function (n = 5/group). F Representative H&E images of airspace destruction and representative IF images and quantitative analyses of MMP activity, apoptosis (TUNEL⁺ cells), podoplanin (Pdpn)⁺ type I epithelial cells (AT1s), and ROS generation (DHE⁺ cells) (n = 7/group). G Quantitative analyses of tumor formation (n = 7/group). Data are the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 [one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (B-F), Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA test (D, E), or Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test (G)]. Scale bars: 25 μm (E, H&E images); 50 μm (B-E, IF images)