Fig. 2

Comparative analysis of protein profiles of EVs in controls and SALS patients. a, c Volcano plots showing comparisons of proteins within EVs in serum and CSF samples from controls and ROPI-naive SALS patients (sEVs: a, cEVs: c). Comparisons were made for proteins detected in all samples from controls and ROPI-naive SALS patients. Comparisons between controls and SALS patients were performed using Student’s t test on log₁₀-transformed data and corrected for the P value using Storey's method. b, d GO (BP, CC, MF) and KEGG pathway analysis results for DAPs (controls vs SALS patients) in sEVs and cEVs (sEVs: b, cEVs: d). e Left: Comparison of DAPs (samples from controls vs samples from SALS patients) in sEVs and cEVs. Right: Lists of proteins commonly decreased/increased in sEVs and cEVs in SALS patients compared with those in controls and their GO (BP) and KEGG pathway clustering analysis results. Letter colors indicate groups (orange: regulation of complement coagulation, blue: polymerization regulation of actin, green: unfolded protein processing, black: other). f Schematic representation of disease progression modeling methods and aALSFRS-R calculation. g Pearson correlation analysis between the mean levels of each protein belonging to the regulation of complement coagulation, polymerization regulation of actin, and unfolded protein processing groups and the aALSFRS-R at the time of sampling. The size of the circles represents the correlation coefficient