Fig. 4
From: Peripheral and central regulation of neuro–immune crosstalk
Neuro–immune crosstalk in the intestine. a The microbiota increases the levels of MM-derived BMP2, which acts on enteric neurons to control peristalsis. BMP2 also enhances CSF1 secretion from enteritic neurons, supporting the development of MMs. In addition, the microbiota supports anti-inflammatory polarization of MMs via sympathetic activation. b Upon Salmonella infection, enteric neuron-derived IL-18 increases AMP secretion from goblet cells, supporting host defense. Sensory neuron-derived CGRP also enhances host defense against Salmonella by increasing the levels of SFB and decreasing the density of M cells. c Enteric glial cells sense the microbiota and secrete GFLs, which increase ILC3-derived IL-22 via RET, suppressing intestinal inflammation. Circadian rhythmicity maintains the levels of ILC3-derived IL-22. In addition to ILC3-intrinsic circadian regulation, cyclic patterns of food intake affect IL-22 secretion from ILC3s via VIP–VIPR2 signaling axis