Fig. 1
The wound healing effects of honeybee-derived Lactobacilli in fibroblasts. A Representative light microscope images from in vitro scratch assays conducted on L929 fibroblasts (0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment). B Quantification of the wound area using Image J, with the scratch area at 0 h (no treatment) set as 100% (mean ± SD). C Proliferation of L929 fibroblasts treated with different strains of lactobacilli at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment (mean ± SD). D Immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA (green) and DAPI (blue) in L929 fibroblasts at 24 and 72 h post-treatment. The significance of differences among the groups was assessed using two-way ANOVA, with the level of significance set at *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. Ctrl. Control; LP, L. plantarum NCHBL-004; LK, L. kunkeei NCHBL-003; LR, L. reuteri NCHBL-005; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation