Fig. 2

The modulation of MAPK phosphorylation and wound healing by L. reuteri NCHBL-005. A Expression of phosphorylated p38, ERK, and JNK detected by western blot analysis. B Representative light microscope images from in vitro scratch assays conducted on L929 fibroblasts treated with SB203580, SP600125, and PD0325901 at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. C Quantification of the wound area using Image J, with the scratch area at 0 h (no treatment) set as 100% (mean ± SD). The significance of differences among the groups was assessed using two-way ANOVA, with the level of significance set at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. Ctrl. Control; LP, L. plantarum NCHBL-004; LK, L. kunkeei NCHBL-003; LR, L. reuteri NCHBL-005; p-p38, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; p-JNK, phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase; p-ERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; β-actin, beta-actin; SB, SB203580; SP, SP600125; PD, PD0325901; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation