Fig. 4

TLR2-dependent wound healing and MAPK phosphorylation by L. reuteri NCHBL-005. A TLR2 activity of Lactobacilli. B Representative light microscope images from in vitro scratch assays conducted on L929 fibroblasts (0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment). C Quantification of the wound area using Image J, with the scratch area at 0 h (no treatment) set as 100% (mean ± SD). D Representative light microscope images from in vitro scratch assays conducted on MEFs at 0 and 24 h post-treatment. E Quantification of the wound area using Image J, with the scratch area at 0 h (no treatment) set as 100% (mean ± SD). F Expression of phosphorylated p38, ERK, and JNK detected by western blot analysis. The significance of differences among the groups was assessed using two-way ANOVA, with the level of significance set at *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001. Ctrl, control; MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast; WT, wild-type; TLR2, toll-like receptor 2; LR, L. reuteri NCHBL-005; p-p38, phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; p-JNK, phosphorylated c-jun N-terminal kinase; p-ERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; β-actin, beta-actin; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SD, standard deviation